Sunday, December 4, 2011

Disabled children do matter

Disabled children do matter [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 2-Dec-2011
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Contact: Press Office
Pressoffice@esrc.ac.uk
Economic & Social Research Council

Many disabled children fail to reach their full potential because they continue to be marginalised in schools, health and social care, according to new research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

"We found that disabled children often experience discrimination, exclusion and even violence," say Professor Dan Goodley and Dr Katherine Runswick-Cole, who implemented the study at the Manchester Metropolitan University. "The biggest barriers they meet are the attitudes of other people and widespread forms of institutional discrimination."

"Disabled children are seldom allowed to play and act like other children because of concerns about their 'leaky and unruly' bodies. But our study shows that many children who don't fit the narrow definition of 'normal' have untapped reserves of potential and high aspirations which can be fulfilled when their families receive effective support. There are also many amazing families who should be celebrated for the way they fight for their children." continues Professor Goodley.

The aim of the Does Every Child Matter, post Blair? project was to find out what life is like for disabled children and young people in the context of policy changes set in motion by the New Labour Government after 1997. The Aiming High for Disabled Children policy agenda was intended to enable disabled children to be 'healthy', 'stay safe', 'enjoy and achieve', 'make a positive contribution' and 'achieve economic well-being'.

The findings, which are based on a series of interviews with disabled children and their families, reveal numerous barriers to these goals, for example:

  • Disabled children are often perceived by educational and care professionals as "lacking" and as failing to fit in with the image of 'normal';
  • Families who do not match the norm are frequently excluded from friendships, education and work;
  • The support system is complicated and there are gaps in provision, particularly during the transition to adulthood;
  • Physical access and transport barriers to sport and leisure activities result in segregation, while participation in art and creative activities is limited;
  • Widespread discriminatory attitudes threaten to create a culture of bullying;
  • Families of children with life-limiting/threatening impairments often experience isolation and poverty

The researchers call for a change of attitude towards disability so that diversity is not only valued, but promoted. "There is an 'epidemic' of labelling children as disabled," Professor Goodley and Dr Runswick-Cole warn. "Parents are repeatedly under pressure to talk about what their children can't do in order to access services and support, but sometimes the label can obscure the individual. Families should be asked what support their child requires, not what is the 'matter' with him or her."

Their report recommends that policy should prioritise enabling disabled children to break down barriers by supporting their participation in education, the arts, leisure and their communities and by meeting their communication requirements. "We need to re-think the culture of individualism and performance which pushes disabled children out" continue the researchers. "Pressures on schools are getting worse. We found a case where parents of non-disabled children petitioned to exclude a disabled child. What does this say about the meaning of education and community?"

The study found that bullying is often accepted as inevitable when disabled children are perceived as vulnerable. There were several layers of violence, from manhandling in school to psychological bullying, which often goes unnoticed by adults. Some children do however stand up to bullies and refuse to be limited by labels that are imposed upon them.

One young person insisted on attending Brownies meetings alone, despite health and safety rules that required her mother to accompany her. "Kids seem to enjoy challenging people's expectations about their limitations," the researchers commented.

###

For further information contact

Professor Dan Goodley
Email: d.goodley@mmu.ac.uk
Telephone: 0161 247 2526

Dr Katherine Runswick-Cole
Email: K.Runswick-Cole@mmu.ac.uk

ESRC Press Office:

Danielle Moore
Email: danielle.moore@esrc.ac.uk
Telephone 01793 413122

Jeanine Woolley
Email: jeanine.woolley@esrc.ac.uk
Telephone 01793 413119

Notes for editors:

1. This release is based on the findings from 'Does every child matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods' funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and carried out by Professor Dan Goodley and Katherine Runswick-Cole at the Manchester Metropolitan University.

2. The project employed a variety of innovative methods including interviews with groups of children and parents, focus group interviews with professionals, longitudinal case studies and 50 days of ethnography involving observation in nurseries, schools, children's parties and other social activities over a period of 18 months.

3. The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is the UK's largest organisation for funding research on economic and social issues. It supports independent, high quality research which has an impact on business, the public sector and the third sector. The ESRC's total budget for 2011/12 is 203 million. At any one time the ESRC supports over 4,000 researchers and postgraduate students in academic institutions and independent research institutes. More at www.esrc.ac.uk


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?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Disabled children do matter [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 2-Dec-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Press Office
Pressoffice@esrc.ac.uk
Economic & Social Research Council

Many disabled children fail to reach their full potential because they continue to be marginalised in schools, health and social care, according to new research funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC).

"We found that disabled children often experience discrimination, exclusion and even violence," say Professor Dan Goodley and Dr Katherine Runswick-Cole, who implemented the study at the Manchester Metropolitan University. "The biggest barriers they meet are the attitudes of other people and widespread forms of institutional discrimination."

"Disabled children are seldom allowed to play and act like other children because of concerns about their 'leaky and unruly' bodies. But our study shows that many children who don't fit the narrow definition of 'normal' have untapped reserves of potential and high aspirations which can be fulfilled when their families receive effective support. There are also many amazing families who should be celebrated for the way they fight for their children." continues Professor Goodley.

The aim of the Does Every Child Matter, post Blair? project was to find out what life is like for disabled children and young people in the context of policy changes set in motion by the New Labour Government after 1997. The Aiming High for Disabled Children policy agenda was intended to enable disabled children to be 'healthy', 'stay safe', 'enjoy and achieve', 'make a positive contribution' and 'achieve economic well-being'.

The findings, which are based on a series of interviews with disabled children and their families, reveal numerous barriers to these goals, for example:

  • Disabled children are often perceived by educational and care professionals as "lacking" and as failing to fit in with the image of 'normal';
  • Families who do not match the norm are frequently excluded from friendships, education and work;
  • The support system is complicated and there are gaps in provision, particularly during the transition to adulthood;
  • Physical access and transport barriers to sport and leisure activities result in segregation, while participation in art and creative activities is limited;
  • Widespread discriminatory attitudes threaten to create a culture of bullying;
  • Families of children with life-limiting/threatening impairments often experience isolation and poverty

The researchers call for a change of attitude towards disability so that diversity is not only valued, but promoted. "There is an 'epidemic' of labelling children as disabled," Professor Goodley and Dr Runswick-Cole warn. "Parents are repeatedly under pressure to talk about what their children can't do in order to access services and support, but sometimes the label can obscure the individual. Families should be asked what support their child requires, not what is the 'matter' with him or her."

Their report recommends that policy should prioritise enabling disabled children to break down barriers by supporting their participation in education, the arts, leisure and their communities and by meeting their communication requirements. "We need to re-think the culture of individualism and performance which pushes disabled children out" continue the researchers. "Pressures on schools are getting worse. We found a case where parents of non-disabled children petitioned to exclude a disabled child. What does this say about the meaning of education and community?"

The study found that bullying is often accepted as inevitable when disabled children are perceived as vulnerable. There were several layers of violence, from manhandling in school to psychological bullying, which often goes unnoticed by adults. Some children do however stand up to bullies and refuse to be limited by labels that are imposed upon them.

One young person insisted on attending Brownies meetings alone, despite health and safety rules that required her mother to accompany her. "Kids seem to enjoy challenging people's expectations about their limitations," the researchers commented.

###

For further information contact

Professor Dan Goodley
Email: d.goodley@mmu.ac.uk
Telephone: 0161 247 2526

Dr Katherine Runswick-Cole
Email: K.Runswick-Cole@mmu.ac.uk

ESRC Press Office:

Danielle Moore
Email: danielle.moore@esrc.ac.uk
Telephone 01793 413122

Jeanine Woolley
Email: jeanine.woolley@esrc.ac.uk
Telephone 01793 413119

Notes for editors:

1. This release is based on the findings from 'Does every child matter, post-Blair? The interconnections of disabled childhoods' funded by the Economic and Social Research Council and carried out by Professor Dan Goodley and Katherine Runswick-Cole at the Manchester Metropolitan University.

2. The project employed a variety of innovative methods including interviews with groups of children and parents, focus group interviews with professionals, longitudinal case studies and 50 days of ethnography involving observation in nurseries, schools, children's parties and other social activities over a period of 18 months.

3. The Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is the UK's largest organisation for funding research on economic and social issues. It supports independent, high quality research which has an impact on business, the public sector and the third sector. The ESRC's total budget for 2011/12 is 203 million. At any one time the ESRC supports over 4,000 researchers and postgraduate students in academic institutions and independent research institutes. More at www.esrc.ac.uk


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-12/esr-dcd120211.php

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Saturday, December 3, 2011

Diametric shift in 2 protein levels spurs Alzheimer's plaque accumulation

Thursday, December 1, 2011

A diametric shift in the levels of two proteins involved in folding, moving and cutting other proteins enables accumulation of the destructive brain plaque found in Alzheimer's disease, researchers report.

VPS35 is a protein that folds others into specific positions to unleash their functions. When levels are reduced as they are in aging, it unleashes the normally dormant BACE1, a protein responsible for beta amyloid plaque production, Georgia Health Sciences University researchers report in The Journal of Cell Biology.

When researchers modified a mouse model of Alzheimer's so that VPS35 production was essentially cut in half, BACE1 activity was increased, accelerating aging and development of related problems such as memory deficits and poor communication between brain cells as well as beta amyloid accumulation, said Dr. Wen-Cheng Xiong, developmental neurobiologist and Weiss Research Professor at GHSU and the study's corresponding author.

It was known that expression of VPS35 was down and BACE1 was up in Alzheimer's but the direct relationship was unknown, Xiong said. "We believe impaired function of VPS35 could be a risk factor for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases," Xiong said. Discovering the relationship makes VPS35 a potential biomarker for the diseases as well as a target for new therapies to keep VPS35 elevated. The accelerated aging model Xiong developed and patented will enable these future drug studies.

This unhealthy balance causes cells to accumulate more waste than their recycling systems can handle. Additionally misfolded proteins end up in the wrong cell compartment where they form aggregates that eventually kill the cell. Being in the wrong place is what enables BACE1 activity to increase: it ends up stuck in a cell compartment called the endosome where high acidity levels activate the protein. As BACE1 becomes more numerous and active, it chops up more potentially productive proteins, turning them into garbage.

"Each protein knows its destination, lifespan and when it should be degraded; everything is controlled. With aging, their trafficking, their control system is disrupted," Xiong said.

Future questions include what reduces VPS35 levels, such as increased levels of reactive oxygen species that come with age, and whether exercise can help keep them up. 'We think VPS35 will be a new, hot and hopefully productive area for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's research," Xiong said.

The protein is classified a retromer. Retromers are important to recycling inside cells. While silent in healthy adults, BACE1 plays an important role in brain development.

###

Georgia Health Sciences University: http://www.georgiahealth.edu

Thanks to Georgia Health Sciences University for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/115648/Diametric_shift_in___protein_levels_spurs_Alzheimer_s_plaque_accumulation

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Carrier IQ, HTC, and Samsung Sued for Millions Over Tracking [Carrier Iq]

We knew lawsuits would arise over Carrier IQ. Just a day after the Senate launched an investigation into the debacle, Carrier IQ, Samsung and HTC have been nailed with class action lawsuits that could cost them hundreds of millions of dollars. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/6kTv6XFvCVM/carrier-iq-htc--and-samsung-sued-for-millions-over-tracking

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Senate clears way for passage of big defense bill (AP)

WASHINGTON ? The Senate has cleared the way for passage of a $662 billion defense bill that has drawn a threat of a presidential veto over provisions on the treatment of captured terrorism suspects.

The Senate voted 88-12 on Wednesday to limit debate on the legislation and move ahead. A final vote on the bill could come as early as Thursday.

The bill would authorize funds for military personnel, weapons systems, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and national security programs in the Energy Department. The bill is $27 billion less than what President Barack Obama requested for the budget year beginning Oct. 1.

The bill would require military custody for captured suspects who are linked to al-Qaida or its affiliates and who are involved in a plot against the United States.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/us/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111130/ap_on_go_co/us_congress_defense_bill

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Small business latest focus of House Republicans (AP)

WASHINGTON ? The House on Thursday passed legislation that would give more weight to the impact of federal regulations on small businesses, whose owners can be a powerful political force and are being courted by both parties.

The bill, which went to the Senate on a 263-159 vote, was the first of three Republican measures that attempt to curb what GOP lawmakers say are aggressive and sometimes costly regulations by the Obama administration.

Earlier this week, the White House budget office announced that if the bill passed Congress, senior administration advisers would recommend a veto.

Rep. Lamar Smith, R-Texas, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, said, "Job creation is the key to economic recovery, and small businesses are America's job creators. In the current economic climate ... we simply cannot overburden small business with costly and wasteful regulations."

The committee's top Democrat, Rep. John Conyers of Michigan, said the latest Republican attempt to stop the administration from issuing new rules was part of "an anti-regulation tidal wave."

He said Americans would suffer if the administration was prevented from protecting Americans' health and safety. "This is a very dangerous process," he said.

While the Republican-run House has passed numerous bills this year to overturn or delay proposed rules, most were aimed at specific proposals. The latest bills would not be limited to any particular rule or agency.

A 1980 law requires federal agencies to assess the economic impact of regulations on small businesses. If the impact is significant, less burdensome alternatives must be considered.

Republicans believe, however, that federal agencies are ignoring their obligation to do a thorough analysis. The House-passed bill would empower a small business advocacy office, part of the Small Business Administration, to make sure that requirement is being fulfilled.

The assessment would have to include indirect impacts of proposed rules that are not specifically designed to regulate small business.

Rep. Sam Graves, R-Mo., chairman of the House Small Business Committee, said the bill would force agencies to consider how their actions affect small businesses.

"Some may argue that agencies already do this when they draft regulations. However, nearly 30 years of experience ... shows that agencies are not considering the consequences of their actions. And it is about time that they do so," he said.

OMB Watch, a nonprofit advocacy organization that monitors federal regulations, objected to the legislation and said it was too broad.

"Virtually any action an agency proposes ? even a guidance document designed to help a business comply with a rule ? could be subject to a lengthy review process," the group said.

"By requiring additional and wasteful analyses, this bill would make it impossible for federal agencies to protect the public and respond to emerging hazards."

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/gop/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111201/ap_on_go_co/us_republicans_regulations

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Friday, December 2, 2011

Police are all ears when it comes to sound cannons

Sound has long been used as a weapon. The Germans put sirens on Stuka dive bombers in World War II to amplify the terror to unlucky souls below. Jamaican maroons ? fugitive slaves ? used the abeng horn to unnerve British colonial soldiers.

The U.S. Army blasted rock music to torment former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. And according to the Bible, Joshua brought down the walls of Jericho by having his priests blow rams' horns.

Now, the power of loud noise is being harnessed by police departments.

A device known as the sound cannon is joining Tasers, rubber bullets and pepper spray in law enforcement's expanding arsenal of nonlethal weapons.

It's officially called the Long Range Acoustical Device, or LRAD, and it has two primary uses. One is as a high-tech megaphone that generates a beam of sound that can cut through the din of a noisy protest far better than conventional public-address systems.

It also functions as a tactical weapon ? projecting a high-pitch chirping sound that makes people cover their ears and run away. And with a maximum volume of 149 decibels, the LRAD can get about as loud as a jetliner on takeoff.

Pittsburgh police used LRADs mounted on an armored vehicle to break up demonstrations jamming the city's downtown during the G20 international economic conference in 2009. More recently, New York police officers used small, hand-held LRADs to bark orders as they ousted the Occupy Wall Street protest from Zuccotti Park.

The Los Angeles Police Department has an undisclosed number of LRADs, but they are larger devices fixed to vehicles, which they say might have been helpful in breaking up the Occupy Los Angeles encampment at City Hall this week. Police did not have hand-held units.

LAPD Cmdr. Bob Green said orders to disperse made with bullhorns went largely unheard because of the din of crowd chants and helicopters hovering overhead. The police had to use pickup trucks with massive speakers to get the orders across.

"It's frustrating when you're not heard in those situations because ultimately it's all about communications," Green said. "Bad things happen when the batons are out and the adrenaline is flowing. So, if there's something better out there to get the message across, let's have it."

The device was developed for the Pentagon by San Diego military contractor LRAD Corp. after the Sept. 11 terror attacks as a sonic weapon to help control unruly crowds, foil hijackers and keep other potential threats at bay.

The Pentagon and law enforcement agencies are among the biggest customers, but there are civilian uses as well.

LRAD sells sound cannons to yacht owners as a means of keeping pirates from boarding. In 2005, an LRAD sound cannon staved off an attack by pirates on a five-star German-built cruise ship, called Seabourn Spirit, off the coast of Somalia.

The company also markets versions of the device for wind farms and aircraft owners, to scare off birds. There are six models, from one resembling a small stereo speaker to another as large as a home satellite dish. They are priced from $5,000 to $100,000.

There are a few competitors in the acoustic device market, among them HPV Technologies Inc. of Irvine and Ultra Electronics USSI of Columbia City, Ind.

"Interest in our technology has never been stronger," said Scott Stuckey, vice president for business development at LRAD. "It offers a safe solution for potentially dangerous situations."

Unlike a traditional loudspeaker, the device directs a loud beam of sound across a room like a spotlight ? hence the name, sound cannon.

Although it may be nonlethal, critics say that it could damage hearing or cause psychological harm.

Joshua Paul, a student at Rutgers University who was at the Occupy Wall Street rally, described the sound from the LRAD as "high-pitched and very disabling."

Source: http://feeds.latimes.com/~r/latimes/news/science/~3/4eJtlxQRBoA/la-fi-sound-cannon-20111202,0,256407.story

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What Time Does The Cock Crow?

Rooster, by raymondgobis/Flickr

Ed. Note: Long time readers are well aware that I have a quirk about Time. You can read my other discussions here.

The Experience of Time

Time is a measure of events, duration, and change. Thanks to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) we share a basis for discussing Time. It helps structure our expectations. I may be at my desk by 9:00 EST (UTC-05:00), but I understand that colleagues in California (UTC-08:00) are likely still in bed. Global clock time tells me that at 11:00 EST, I can reasonably expect them to be at their desks. However, our experiences with Time may differ?in accordance with local observances even along the same latitude.?While it may indeed be five o?clock somewhere, what people may choose to do at that Time may differ greatly from place to place. The meaning of five o?clock can vary greatly.

The example I often use when discussing these sorts of differences stems from an experience I had in South Florida when I found that my ?meal clock? didn?t align with local business practices. In New York City, diners might be sitting down to an early dinner at 6:00 pm, whereas in parts of South Florida, the dinner hour is winding down. We may share the same time zone, but our temporal tendencies differ.

Despite the standardization offered by the clock, Time is an intersubjective experience.?Though we don?t often consider it, local contexts can inform our temporal awareness in subtle ways. For example, consider the role roosters have played in keeping time:

The use of cockcrows in the predawn period to reckon time is extremely widespread, and has been ethnographically documented. The Bororo of Brazil keep track of time after midnight through the gradual increase in intensity and frequency of crows between the first cockcrow and dawn; the Ifugao of the Philippines state that cocks crow four times during the night with the third cockcrow at around four o?clock in the morning; and among the Saramaka, a maroon group in Surinam, cockcrow is an auspicious time for sharing secrets in the predawn hours.[i]

While it?s true that roosters can indeed crow at any time, in a recent paper anthropologist Kevin Birth discusses how avian chronobiology shapes a reliable relationship between cockcrow and the coming dawn that may help understand perceptions of time prior to the establishment of a standard global time.

A Religious Calling

Archaeological evidence reveals an abundance of domestic fowl in the Middle Ages, and for a sustainable community to have existed breeding would be have been necessary which would have required roosters?who appeared to have a prominent role in calling practitioners to predawn devotions. In the 6th-century, cockcrow constituted one of the four periods of nighttime devotion for monasteries that followed the precepts maintained by the Rule of the Master (Regula Magistri), which required psalms be said at nightfall, midnight, cockcrow, and in the morning. The period denoted by the rooster?s crow helped manage devotions in the face of seasonal changes: psalms were said prior to the cockcrow in the winter, and after the cockcrow in the summer to account for the shifting durations of darkness. Roosters also alerted those living beyond the immediate reach of religious orders to ready themselves for morning devotions with their noisy pronouncements.

The connection between the rooster and the coming dawn offered fertile ground for associations with light and spirituality. Gregory the Great likened roosters to preachers:

First, like roosters, preachers strive against darkness to account approaching light. Second, they awaken the sluggish. Just as cocks? understanding penetrates the darkness, so should the knowledge of teachers. Also, Gregory states that cocks are louder in the darkness and more gentle as dawn approaches, and he says that this is a metaphor for how preachers should treat people?those who are in darkness receive harsher messages, while those who are approaching spiritual enlightenment should hear the ?subtlest mysteries.?[ii]

The cockcrow was a temporal signifier in the Middle Ages, but is there any biological basis for these sorts of connections?

Do Roosters Crow at Dawn?

Sure they do! Chickens have a circadian cycle. They?re entrained to light-cycles?melatonin secretion, and regulation of the heart, brain, and liver change in response to light. For roosters, whose crows are driven by testosterone, light cycles which regulate endogenous cycles can also trigger crowing behavior.

Endogenous cycles in chickens can reset in response to incremental changes in light intensity. Gambian hens, for example, shift their roosting times in accordance with the seasons: since the days are relatively the same length, the chickens appear to negotiate roosting in relation to shifting light intensity.? Chickens, then, are able to anticipate light cycles. Research done in North-Central India, where the sun only becomes visible after it has risen higher than surrounding mountains, documents the onset of crowing approximately two to three hours before sunrise with initial intervals of about 30 minutes that decrease to about seven minutes at the time of sunrise?even though the sun is not actually visible at the moment of sunrise.

But roosters also crow at other times and for different reasons. Birth acknowledges they?re only temporally relevant during the period of predawn for a specific location?but they are an excellent means of generating contextually-relevant information.

So, Are We More ?Timely? Now?

Here?s the thing: We?ve been trying to divide the day into equal hours since at least the 3rd-century BC by using candles and water clocks to mark the passage of Time. Clocks and universal time codes aren?t a modern marvel. Birth states these attempts represent abstract, context-independent ways of managing time, whereas the rooster?s crow is an example of context-dependent ways of understanding time. The latter requires multiple temporal indicators?because cockcrow is only relevant during a specific period?requiring multiple experiences and measures of duration and change.

Time in the Middle Ages was not wrong, nor were predawn measurements by cockcrow without relevance. Birth traces an interesting shift in the relationship to Time held by medieval and moderns with regard to the senses. Namely, Time in the Middle Ages was linked to sound?roosters can be pretty noisy. Church bells, by the way, heralding the start of mass, were meant to be heard. Sound travels. It would find you. Whether you were in the field or on the road, you could not mistake the meaning of bells, whistles, or crowing. But that changed when Time shifted to visual cues: Clock towers required you to come to them. Clock towers represented a physical reminder of shared Time, minimizing an awareness of how the experience of 5 o?clock might differ along the same time zone.

Context-dependent time takes into account the local environment, whereas clock time creates an arbitrary relationship to the local experience. Birth proposes that the rise of clock time is tied to a preference for measuring Time in terms of ?abstract durations of equal length?.[iii] As Time became commoditized with the rise of the Industrial Revolution, it was far more appealing (and arguably important) to control Time than it was to indexically define Time. And how better to control Time than to divide it up and put it in the hands of people? Who here is wearing a watch or has checked the display of their phone for the time today? Time is within your reach! And it is probably easier to manage than a?belligerent?rooster. Imagine putting that in your pocket.

Disclosure: Dr. Kevin Birth was my undergraduate adviser, and remains a close friend. He is likely one of the reasons I continue to question our relationship to Time. (And it?s a very good thing that I?ve asked those sorts of questions since my comps required an extensive discussion on Time.)


Reference:
Birth, K. (2011). The Regular Sound of the Cock: Context-Dependent Time Reckoning in the Middle Ages KronoScope, 11 (1), 125-144 DOI: 10.1163/156852411X595305

Citations:?[i]p 127 |?[ii]p 134 |?[iii] P138

Source: http://rss.sciam.com/click.phdo?i=08cf8929e4f8918209ac813a17c5d7a4

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